Schizophrenia is a chronic brain disorder affecting about 1 in 100 people worldwide, often emerging in late adolescence or early adulthood. It impairs the ability to recognize reality, think clearly, and function socially. Symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and reduced emotional expression. Cognitive issues, such as poor working memory, also affect daily functioning. The illness is thought to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. While it cannot be prevented, early detection and treatment improve long-term outcomes. Diagnosis is complex and requires time and thorough evaluation, as other conditions can mimic psychotic symptoms.

Treatment for schizophrenia involves a combination of medication and psychosocial support. While medications help control positive symptoms, they vary in effectiveness and side effects. Psychosocial interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, supported employment, family education, and substance abuse programs, are essential to improving quality of life and treatment adherence. The prognosis varies, but early, sustained care can significantly reduce the illness’s impact. Regular monitoring and a strong support network are key to managing symptoms and maintaining function over time.

Reference: LeWine H. Schizophrenia. Harvard Health Publishing. Published September 19, 2024. Accessed July 9, 2025. https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/schizophrenia-a-to-z